Comparative Essay David Hume vs. John Locke - 1050 Words

Comparing John Locke against David Hume : Empiricism John Locke and David Hume, both great empiricist philosophers who radically changed the way people view ideas and how they come about. Although similar in their beliefs, the two have some quite key differences in the way they view empiricism. Locke believed in causality, and used the example of the mental observation of thinking to raise your arm, and then your arm raising, whereas Hume believed that causality is not something that can be known, as a direct experience of cause, cannot be sensed. Locke believed that all knowledge is derived from our senses, which produce impressions on the mind which turn to ideas, whereas Humes believed that all knowledge is derived from experiences,†¦show more content†¦Hume rejected lockes theory of experiencing cause. He argued that you do not feel the connection between your mind and arm, and thus dont sense the cause of the muscles contracting to raise your arm. Cause, in Humes mind, is a synthetic experience used to explain the unobser vable things in reality. To help explain he used the billiard ball experiement. Ball A is hit and put into motion towards ball B.When ball A collides with ball B the cause of ball Bs movement is not experienced, there is no observable connection between the two. This would mean that there is no way to be certain that everytime Ball A collides with ball B that ball B will move, ball A could just as likely bounce off and begin rolling in a random direction. He believd that there is no way of knowing for certain the outcome of an event without being able to perceive the cause. John Lockes theory of knowledge stated that all knowledge is derived from the senses, that are converted into impressions, that are then made into ideas, either simple or complex. Simple ideas are ones that involve only one sense, whereas complex ideas consist of multiple simple ideas being combined to create a vivid one. Ideas have two qualities, primary qualities, and secondary qualities. Primary qualities are things that are perceived the same for everyone, and secondary qualities are the individual perceptions ofShow MoreRelatedCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 PagesHistory and Class Consciousness Preface THE collection and publication of these essays in book form is not intended to give them a greater importance as a whole than would be due to each individually. For the most part they are attempts, arising out of actual work for the party, to clarify the theoretical problems of the revolutionary movement in the mind ,of the author and his readers. The exceptions to this are the two essays Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat and Towards a MethodologyRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages(Prentice Hall, 2012) Management, 11th ed. with Mary Coulter (Prentice Hall, 2012) Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 10th ed., with David DeCenzo (Wiley, 2010) Prentice Hall’s Self-Assessment Library 3.4 (Prentice Hall, 2010) Fundamentals of Management, 8th ed., with David DeCenzo and Mary Coulter (Prentice Hall, 2013) Supervision Today! 7th ed., with David DeCen zo and Robert Wolter (Prentice Hall, 2013) Training in Interpersonal Skills: TIPS for Managing People at Work, 6th ed., with Phillip

A Simple Definition Of Innovation - 1853 Words

A simple definition of innovation is the application of new forms or ideas to elaborate different process, products, services or in a broader level changing an entire organization, aiming to increase as well to attribute value to the business. In a competitive industry this value can represent a large contribution to earn market share and competitive advantage, using the capacity to encounter opportunities and detect connections. Competitive advantage can be accomplished by innovation, approaching it in an ample concept, that includes new forms of doing things and technology (Porter, 1990). In other words, as per O’Sullivan and Dooley (2009), innovation is responsible for the company’s growth, which can be dimensioned by profit and turnover. For them, innovation consists in proposing changes for things already established and in this way creates something distinct. They highlight as well that although this is an important topic for various disciplines, the term is va guely comprehended and often times confused with other topics, for example: creativity, design, invention and change. As already aforementioned in the definition, although there is a misunderstood relating innovation just to technology, the idea is more embracing them that, whereas include not just to develop novel technologies, but also enclose improvement of process, non-technological products and services as well the knowledge for whole Organization. The types of innovation are generally presented asShow MoreRelatedCurrent Process Of Nice Technology Appraisal1593 Words   |  7 Pagesto assess the innovation of a new product †¢ Subjective nature of scales to assess QALY (EQ-5D), †¢ No assessment of burden of illness †¢ No assessment of negative impact on society †¢ No assessment of wider societal benefit Proposal to Modify the current approach A proposal for NICE to modify their current approach is vital in order to improve the process. One key thing would be to assess the degree of innovation of the new product/device/medicine. Let’s review first what innovation means and whatRead MoreFor The Past Forty Years, Ohio Is Believed To Have Gone1580 Words   |  7 PagesFor the past forty years, Ohio is believed to have gone through a process of deindustrialization. This means that Ohio experienced a decline in manufacturing jobs. While this is a simple definition, the origins of the term â€Å"deindustrialization† gives a deeper, more pejorative meaning to the term. This darker meaning to the term is perhaps more effectively conveyed through the term â€Å"rust belt.† After Ohio wen through the process of deindustrialization, the lack of industrial jobs in a once boomingRead MoreTechnology And Technology1218 Words   |  5 Pagesit has existed as long as innovation has existed. A cave man using a stone t o grind up wheat is just as much an application of technology as Tesla’s implementation of self driving cars. The invention and utilization of the wheel is as technological as the invention of the smartphone. Every type of innovation and invention can be traced back to a point in time where someone saw a way to apply their knowledge to something. According to Webster’s Dictionary, the definition of technology is the practicalRead MoreHow Business Strategy and Choices should be made700 Words   |  3 PagesAmbiguity in the policy can also result in misunderstanding. When choosing a business policy, it should be as appropriate as possible. It should be in line with the present organizational goal/s. what this implies is that a policy is supposed to be simple. However, the simplicity of a policy should be accompanied with comprehensiveness and flexible in operation- it should be wide in scope to enable the line managers use them routinely. When all the above is achieved, then it means that the policy isRead MoreAnalysis Of The External Environment Of Business Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pages(Bannock et al 2003). This authoritative definition of technology assumes technology only refers to the artifacts themselves rather than the way they are used and the theories governing their application. Human knowledge however, is an essential ingredient of technology and I therefore prefer the following definition: ‘The application of available knowledge and skills to create and use materials, processes and products (Needle 2004) This wider definition relates the application of knowledge toRead MoreLiterature Review : Social Innovation Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pages Literature Review Social Innovation Developing any organisation which seeks to promote the way in which a social sphere operates, be it in the form of non-profits, social enterprises or any organisational structure, inevitably is an existential process, asking difficult questions around the nature of authentic, valuable social innovation. A somewhat common understanding of social innovation is expressed below: Social innovation refers to innovative activities and services that are motivated byRead MoreAnalysis of the External Environment of Business1608 Words   |  7 Pages(Bannock et al 2003). This authoritative definition of technology assumes technology only refers to the artifacts themselves rather than the way they are used and the theories governing their application. Human knowledge however, is an essential ingredient of technology and I therefore prefer the following definition: ‘The application of available knowledge and skills to create and use materials, processes and products (Needle 2004) This wider definition relates the application of knowledge toRead MoreOpportunities And Threats Of Entrepreneurship1483 Words   |  6 PagesA large number of definitions of entrepreneurship have appeared during the past decades. One of the reasons is based on the fact that entrepreneurship represents different phenomenon in different aspects, â€Å"being analyzed as a process, a resource or a state-of-being† (Naudà ©, 2013). Thus, it is too complicated to propose the definition through a simple explanation. Naudà © (2013) argues that three main categories of definitions of entrepreneurship have formed: â€Å"behavioral definitions† (Kirzner, 1973;Read Moresystem theory1652 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ One of the biggest breakthroughs in how we understand and guide change in organizations is systems theory and systems thinking. There are two main definitions of a system, an implicit and an explicit phrase, with the explicit phrase being used in system thinki ng by organizations. The definition refers to a system as being a collection of highly integrated parts or subsystems that attain a specific goal, through inputs that are processed into precise outputs. And thus if a part of thisRead MoreEthics and Innovations in Marketing and Its Relevance with Consumer Behavior1654 Words   |  7 PagesETHICS AND INNOVATIONS IN MARKETING AND ITS RELEVANCE WITH CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Kishor N. Choudhary N.S.B.College, Nanded ABSTRACT: In order to be consumer-oriented, marketing will have to be truthful and ethical. That is why it is very important in marketing, as in any other field; to apply the principles of Ethics It is also important to apply the processes of innovation, to find new ways of marketing effectively. This Paper explains the concept of Ethics in Marketing and overview a number of issues

Moral choices facing employees free essay sample

When employees sign a contract with a compamy, they are agreeing to perform certain tasks in exchange for a finacial reward. It is possible that employees are obligated to do their jobs only to get paychecks, but do they have an obligation to help the company past what they are legally responsible to do? What if their company’s interests conflict with their own? Should an employee speak out on immoral decision made by the company? Theses are just a few of the questions that an employee may have to consider while working for a company. Employees face tough moral choices including company loyalty, conflicts of interest, bribes, and whistle blowing. An employee has a legal obligation to the firm through his contract, but how loyal he is outside of legality is his choice. He can choose whether he wants to be completely loyal, not loyal at all, or if he will have a balance with his employer. Obedience loyalty, an extreme, is where an employee believes that he is worthless and his company is the only thing that matters. While this is a rarity, it is still present throughout some professional fields, such as the military. Obedience-loyal employees would put their lives in danger for their company and give up any personal life to do their job. A good example of this was April Leatherwood, a Memphis policewoman who went undercover for an entire year, putting family, friends, and her own hygiene behind her (Brusseau). Most employees do not display this type of loyalty but would rather have a balance between themselves and the company. Balanced loyalty occurs when an employee might sacrifice some things for his job but not as extreme as his own wellbeing. This is a more common form of loyalty and is displayed in more areas of work. An employee who has balanced loyalty may be asked to move for his job, might talk to his friends about how awesome his company is, or might choose political beliefs that are in the best interest of the company (Brusseau). The employee is not asked to make rash decisions (such as giving up his personal life for a whole year) but is still very loyal to the company and looks out for its best interest. Sometimes it is in one’s self interest to not be loyal to his company at all. The third form, free agency loyalty, is at the opposite end of the spectrum. An employee who practices free agency loyalty lacks any faith to his company at all. The argument behind free agency is loyalty only exists â€Å"in a reality where individuals stand by others to some extent without conditions† (Brusseau). Usually, in a profit-making company, they only look out for what is best for maximizing profits and not necessarily employees’ interests. If an employer isn’t loyal to its employees, than why should employees be loyal to the employer? Companies should have just as much loyalty in their employees as their employees have in them because it is the choice of the employee to stay. Even the most loyal of employees will find that their self-interests can sometimes conflict with the rules of their contract and the company. The problem may be as small as one wanting to wear a dress shirt and khakis to work but the dress code calls for a full suit. Or the problem could be larger like an employee believing he deserves a six-figure salary while he is only earning four figures. There are conflicting interests in almost every job and it is up to the employee to decide what he should do. Conflicts of interest can arise when â€Å"employees at any level have special or private interest that are substantial enough to interfere with their job duties† (Shaw 388). The conflicts in the workplace are usually small and only affect a few people, or can be large and affect the entire company. In his book â€Å"The Business Ethics Workshop† William H. Shaw describes one example of a financial case with Bart Erdman, the sales manager for Leisure Sports World. Since his brother-in-law is the company’s CEO, Erdman gives all of the firm’s promotional work to an outside advertising company raising advertising costs by fifteen percent. He has allowed his choices as an employee to be affected by his own interests, affecting the company as a whole (388). Even if Erdman had decided to pass a small amount of work to his brother-in-law, a conflict still arises. He still has a personal interest in his business transactions, which could lead him to act against the interest of the company. It starts to become a problem when the employee’s decisions affect not only the company negatively, but his own interests as well. If Bart had spent extra time and money that he didn’t have to try and get his work done, it goes against his own interest as well as the company’s. Deciding how to deal with a specific conflict can be troubling at times but an employee needs to find a balance between his company’s interest and his own. A severe conflict an employee may face is whether or not to take a bribe. According to ethicalrealism. com, a bribe is defined as â€Å"a payment made with the expectation that someone will act against their work duties† (Gray). A bribe can come from another company or from a supervisor within the company itself. Most bribes are financial, but can come can be in the form of anything the employee may value, such as a car. Bribes can also come as the form of a kickback, which is â€Å"a percentage payment to a person able to influence or control a source of income† (Shaw 396). An employer may use a kickback when he needs the employee to complete a task quickly and uses the payment as a motivation. Morally, taking a bribe is wrong but an employee may take the bribe if its benefits outweigh his present well-being. But if he takes the bribe, could he lose his job? What are the potential consequences that could affect him and the company as a whole? Whatever the controversy may be, an employee must look out for his best interest, the effects on his company and the legal consequences of taking a bribe. In the United States, it is illegal to receive and give bribes in the workplace. According to 18 USCS prec  § 201(b), â€Å"Whoever directly or indirectly, corruptly gives, offers or promises anything of value to any public official with intent to influence that person’s official act will be fined for the offence of bribery† (Federal Laws). The punishment depends on the severity of the case but ranges from â€Å"a fine of an amount not more than three times the monetary equivalent of the thing of value, or imprisonment for not more than fifteen years† (Federal Laws). A bribe may or not be worth the risks that accompany it and the employee must make the choice for himself. Many employees witness their companies’ wrongful actions and need to decide whether or not to blow the whistle. Whistle blowing is defined as, â€Å"A practice in which employees who know that their company is engaged in activities inform the public or some governmental agency of those activities† (Shaw 404). These actions can be illegal, cause unnecessary harm, or just otherwise immoral. Depending on how serious the case is, an employee may see the public interest as more important than his own loyalty to the company. But sometimes whistle blowing is not always the right thing to do and could jeopardize the company’s welfare. That is why employees must look at the five justifications of whistle blowing before making any final decisions. The first justification states that whistle blowing must be done from an appropriate moral motive. Searching for attention, profit, or stirring up trouble are not justifiable reasons for blowing the whistle. Second, the whistle blower must have exhausted all internal channels prior to going to the public. This means the employee has talked with all supervisors and officials within the company in attempt to fix the problem. Having compelling evidence of wrongful actions is the third justification that employees must consider. This is hard to do because success requires hard evidence, such as accounting records. The more specific evidence employees can get, the greater chance of justification. Justification also requires that the problems are significantly wrong and the actions would be hazardous if not corrected. The final justification of whistle blowing that employees need to recognize is what the chances are they can actually remedy the problem. If going out to the public and exposing their company will not fix the problem, employees should not try to blow the whistle in the first place. Signing a contract and binding oneself to a company may seem very simple and harmless but there are many conflicts that arise. An employee has to look out for his own self interest as well as the company’s wellfare. But if the company performs immoral actions, the employee must decide whether or not he will expose his firm, potentially losing his source of income. There may be times when a rival company presents an employee with a bribe and he must elect to take it or not. Being an employee comes with not only demanding responsibilities but problematic choices that will test one’s morals. It is up to the employee to recognize the moral choices he has in front of him and ultimately how to deal with them. 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The novel One Hundred Years Essay Example For Students

The novel One Hundred Years Essay Swirling in the realm of academia for several decades has been the controversial issue of the nature and impact of foreign contact on remote, traditional societies. While undeniably bringing industrialization, increasing economic output, and establishing the Western culture in Third World areas, the negative externalities of foreign contact must not be ignored. It is the contention of Gabriel Garcia Marquez, author of the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude, that the aforementioned progress is merely an illusion. According to Garcia Marquez, a society that immerses itself in knowledge and technology invokes its own ruin. By using biblical references, the author demonstrates how the Colombian town of Macondo embarks on this path of destruction. As Macondo gradually accepts and embraces the outside world, it moves out of an Eden-like state, becomes ever more Westernized (and therefore evil), and spirals towards a Sodom and Gomorrah-like end. Through trade with the gypsies, contact with neighboring towns, the impact of national politics, and the capitalist system brought by the train and banana company, Macondo tasted the bitter fruit of knowledge, lost its innocence, and was annihilated. We will write a custom essay on The novel One Hundred Years specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Macondos conception occurred at the beginning of time, when the world was so recent that many things lacked names.1 The town had begun in a similar fashion to the book of Genesis, with so little known about the world, that objects remained unnamed. Founded in purity, after Macondos patriarch Jose Arcadio Buendia and his wife Ursula fled their previous town, life was begun anew. Carved out of a virgin forest, the village recreated Eden, as the people arranged the business of their souls directly with God. they had lost the evil of original sin. All were created equal, for Jose Arcadio Buendia had set up the placement of the original houses in such a way that all of them were equidistant from the river and all houses received the same amount of sunlight.3 As in The Garden, mortality was a foreign concept, as there was no cemetery in Macondo at this time, for no one had died4 In this remote village amidst the Colombian swampland, disconnected from all outside influence, no one was favored, no one died, and the town prospered. However, Macondo, paralleling the biblical account, consumed the forbidden fruit of knowledge when a wandering band of gypsies linked the town to foreign ideas and technology. The group brought scientific wonders like magnets, flying carpets, and alchemy to the town; all provocatively new items for Macondo. Despite the weak link established, for the group only appeared once per year, the town experienced dramatic repercussions. By bringing these inventions, domestic life was disrupted. Jose Arcadio Buendia was amazed by this knowledge, and completely abandoned his domestic obligations . Ursula and the children broke their backs in the garden.5 Other negative effects entered the Buendia household when the patriarch attempted to use his newly acquired knowledge of alchemy to double his wifes supply of gold. Ursulas precious inheritance was reduced to a large piece of burnt hog cracklings as a result.6 The Buendias son, Jose Aracadio, was even lured out of Macondo by a sensuous gypsy girl, demonstrating the divisive effects of foreign contact. The knowledge and technological wonders brought by the gypsies did not serve to better the community, but began to undermine its purity and success. Further eroding Macondos Eden-like state was the establishment of a direct link to the outside world. Ursula chased her prodigal son to no avail, but in doing so found a route to other villages that received mail every month in the year.7 Macondo was deepening its ties and contact with foreigners, resulting in a slow but gradual spiral into sin and conflict; characteristics of post-Eden Genesis. From a village of twenty adobe houses, Macondo was changed into an active town with stores and workshops and a permanent commercial route8 It must be stressed that the towns devolution was a phased process. Although the town was rapidly becoming commercialized, Jose Arcadio Buendia continued to lay out the streets and houses,9 suggesting that at this point in time Macondo retained some of its founding traits, namely equality. .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8 , .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8 .postImageUrl , .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8 , .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8:hover , .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8:visited , .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8:active { border:0!important; } .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8:active , .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8 .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u02580a822b9f0f1f6e43ef976f1803d8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: J.D Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye EssayYet, as the town grew ever more accustomed to Arabs trading in the streets and foreigners arriving on the new roads, a host of calamities began to strike the town. Rebeca, an outsider taking in by the Buendias, brought a plague of insomnia. Paralleling the biblical narrative of the golden calf, Macondo forgot its roots and even the values of the written letters,10 just as Israel forgot their God when they adopted a foreign religion. The growing town also introduced capitalism to the region, ending the equality upon which the society was founded. In one instance, a girl was enslaved by her grandmother and was forced to sleep with seventy men every night for ten years to pay off her debts. No longer did the sun shine equally on all inhabitants. Due to the towns rapid population growth, the national government determined it was necessary to rule Macondo through a magistrate. Don Moscote arrived and immediately ordered absurd changes, exemplified in the mandate that all houses were to be painted blue in celebration of the anniversary of national independence.12 The villages did not seek this foreign intervention into municipal affairs, for no one was upset that the government had not helped them. On the contrary, they were happy that up until then it had let them grow in peace.